University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering 2322-4576 8 1 2020 02 01 A Bi-Level Optimization Approach for Optimal Operation of Distribution Networks with Retailers and Micro-grids یک روش بهینه سازی دوسطحی برای بهره برداری بهینه شبکه های توزیع در حضور خرده فروش ها و ریزشبکه ها 15 21 773 10.22098/joape.2019.5432.1407 EN H. Fateh Department of Electrical Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. A. Safari Department of Electrical Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. S. Bahramara Department of Electrical Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. Journal Article 2018 11 04 Distributed energy resources (DERs) including distributed generators (DGs) and controllable loads (CLs) are managed in the form of several microgrids (MGs) in active distributions networks (ADNs) to meet the demand locally. On the other hand, some loads of distribution networks (DNs) can be supplied by retailers which participate in wholesale energy markets. Therefore, there are several decision makers in DNs which their cooperation should be modeled for optimal operation of the network. For this purpose, a bi-level optimization approach is proposed in this paper to model the cooperation between retailers and MGs in DNs. In the proposed model, the aim of the upper level (leader) and lower level (follower) problems are to maximize the profit of retailers and to minimize the cost of MGs, respectively. To solve the proposed multi-objective bi-level optimization model, multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is employed. The effectiveness of the proposed bi-level model and its solution methodology is investigated in the numerical results. https://joape.uma.ac.ir/article_773_5c5e9fc6b3705ef2fd7a00c27f97be21.pdf