Load–Frequency Control of a Restructured Multi-Area Power System with DFIG-Based Wind Integration Using Coordinated AVR–PSS–FACTS and Optimized PID Controllers

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Scientific Research Center "Scientific Foundations and Problems of the Development of the Economy of Uzbekistan", under Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

2 Alfraganus University, House 2a, Yuqori Qoraqamish Street, Tashkent, 100190, Uzbekistan.

3 Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnologies, Termez , Uzbekistan.

4 Termez University of Economics and Service, Termez, Uzbekistan.

5 Urgench State University named after Abu Rayhan Biruni, Urgench, Uzbekistan.

6 Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Abstract

This study investigates load–frequency control (LFC) in a restructured multi‑area power system with significant renewable energy integration, where increased stochasticity and reduced inertia intensify frequency deviations. A coordinated control strategy combining automatic voltage regulator (AVR), power system stabilizer (PSS), thyristor‑controlled phase shifter (TCPS), and optimized PID controllers is proposed to improve dynamic performance under competitive market conditions. Metaheuristic optimization techniques are employed to tune controller parameters for robustness across operating scenarios, including high renewable penetration and contractual power transactions. Simulation results demonstrate that the coordinated scheme substantially reduces overshoot, settling time, and frequency oscillations compared with conventional control approaches. The findings confirm that integrating auxiliary damping devices with optimized LFC significantly enhances frequency stability and resilience in modern deregulated power systems.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. F. Ullah, X. Zhang, M. Khan, M. S. Mastoi, H. M. Munir, A. Flah, and Y. Said, “A comprehensive review of wind power integration and energy storage technologies for modern grid frequency regulation,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024.
  2. A. Botir Qizi, A. Mukhtasarkhon, L. Mukhayyo, K. Tuyboevna, A. Davlatovich, and J. Xudayberganovna, “The impact of biomass energy use in power plants to reduce pollution,” Procedia Environ. Sci. Eng. Manag., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 141–150, 2025.
  3. A. H. Elkasem, S. Kamel, M. Khamies, and L. Nasrat, “Frequency regulation in a hybrid renewable power grid: An effective strategy utilizing load frequency control and redox flow batteries,” Sci. Rep., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 9576, 2024.
  4. K. Yan, G. Li, R. Zhang, Y. Xu, T. Jiang, and X. Li, “Frequency control and optimal operation of low-inertia power systems with HVDC and renewable energy: A review,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 4279–4295, 2023.
  5. D. V. Doan, K. Nguyen, and Q. V. Thai, “Load-frequency control of three-area interconnected power systems with renewable energy sources using novel PSO–PID-like fuzzy logic controllers,” Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 8597–8604, 2022.
  6. M. Ranjan and R. Shankar, “A literature survey on load frequency control considering renewable energy integration in power systems: Recent trends and future prospects,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 45, p. 103717, 2022.
  7. E. Hirtreiter, L. Schulze Balhorn, and A. M. Schweidtmann, “Toward automatic generation of control structures for process flow diagrams with large language models,” AIChE J., vol. 70, no. 1, p. e18259, 2024.
  8. S. Ekinci, O. Can, M. S. Ayas, D. Izci, M. Salman, and M. Rashdan, “Automatic generation control of a hybrid PV–reheat thermal power system using RIME algorithm,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 26919–26930, 2024.
  9. R. Verma, S. K. Gawre, N. Patidar, and S. Nandanwar, “A state-of-the-art review on the opportunities in automatic generation control of hybrid power systems,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 226, p. 109945, 2024.
  10. R. Kumar and L. B. Prasad, “Optimal load frequency control of multi-area multi-source deregulated power system with electric vehicles using teaching–learning-based optimization,” Electr. Eng., vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 1865–1893, 2024.
  11. D. Jain and M. Bhaskar, “Optimization of controllers using soft computing techniques for load frequency control of multi-area deregulated power systems,” Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 52–65, 2024.
  12. R. Kumar and L. B. Prasad, “A comparative performance analysis of frequency stabilization schemes for multi-area multi-source deregulated power systems,” Energy Syst., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 963–991, 2024.
  13. M. Rajendran and S. Govindasamy, “Performance improvement of AGC using novel controllers in a multi-area solar thermal system under deregulated environment,” Electr. Power Compon. Syst., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 847–862, 2024.
  14. E. Rausell, S. Arnaltes, J. L. Rodríguez, M. Lafoz, and G. Navarro, “Control of wind energy conversion systems with permanent magnet synchronous generator for isolated green hydrogen production,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2024.
  15. B. Boukais, K. Mesbah, A. Rahoui, A. Saim, A. Houari, and M. F. Benkhoris, “Development of a 3 kw wind energy conversion system emulator using a grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator,” Actuators, vol. 13, no. 1, 2024.
  16. S. A. Hosseini, “Frequency control using electric vehicles with adaptive latency compensation and variable-speed wind turbines using modified virtual inertia controller,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 155, p. 109535, 2024.
  17. N. Patel, B. Brahma, A. Bhoi, and J. Sarda, “AVR-PSS generator with fuzzy logic controller and conventional damping of low-frequency oscillations,” J. Inst. Eng. (India) Ser. B, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 671–682, 2025.
  18. M. H. Sulaiman and Z. Mustaffa, “Optimal placement and sizing of FACTS devices for optimal power flow using metaheuristic optimizers,” Results Control Optim., vol. 8, p. 100145, 2022.
  19. C. N. S. Kalyan, K. V. G. Rao, B. S. Goud, M. Bajaj, F. Jurado, and S. Kamel, “Combined voltage and frequency control of multi-area power system using Sooty Tern algorithm optimized cascade controller,” in Proc. 5th Global Power, Energy and Commun. Conf. (GPECOM), pp. 1–6, 2023.
  20. C. N. S. Kalyan, B. S. Goud, and M. K. Kumar, “Coordinated thyristor-controlled phase shifter and ultra-capacitor-based strategy for load frequency control of interconnected power system,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Technol. Policy Energy Electr. Power, pp. 1–6, 2022.
  21. S. Mousavi and M. Guay, “An observer-based extremum seeking controller design for a class of second-order nonlinear systems,” IEEE Control Syst. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 1913–1918, 2024.
  22. M. Yadipour, F. Hashemzadeh, and M. Baradarannia, “A novel strategy to enlarge the domain of attraction of affine nonlinear systems,” Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki. Sovrem. Mat. Prilozh., vol. 178, pp. 91–101, 2020.
  23. A. Nazori, S. Putri, D. Anggraeni, K. Sri, and M. Deni, “Economic analysis of using energy management systems in buildings for cost and energy consumption reduction,” Econ. Ann.-XXI, vol. 209, no. 5–6, pp. 36–41, 2024.
  24. F. Al Sharari, O. Yemelyanov, Y. Dziurakh, O. Sokil, and O. Danylovych, “The impact of energy-saving projects on enterprise financial stability,” Econ. Ann.-XXI, vol. 195,
    no. 1–2, pp. 36–49, 2022.
  25. M. Minaei, M. Rezaee, and V. Arab Maleki, “Vibration analysis of viscoelastic carbon nanotube under electromagnetic fields based on nonlocal timoshenko beam theory,” Iran. J. Mech. Eng., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 176–198, 2021.
  26. K. C. Bingham, S. Sourani Yancheshmeh, G. Vaidya, A. Ebrahimpour, and T. Deemyad, “Advanced material selection and design strategies for optimized robotic systems,” in Proc. ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo., 2024.
  27. S. Sourani Yancheshmeh, A. Ebrahimpour, and T. Deemyad, “Optimizing chassis design for autonomous vehicles using finite element analysis and genetic algorithm,” in Proc. ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo., 2024.
  28. V. Rajaguru and K. Annapoorani, “An optimized fractionalorder virtual synchronous generator with superconducting magnetic energy storage for microgrid frequency regulation enhancement,” Sci. Rep., vol. 15, no. 1, p. 6209, 2025.
  29. S. Kondattu Mony, A. J. Peter, and D. Durairaj, “Gaussian quantum particle swarm optimization-based wide-area power system stabilizer for damping inter-area oscillations,” World J. Eng., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 325–336, 2023.
  30. A. Amer, F. M. Makahleh, J. Ababneh, H. Attar, A. A. A. Solyman, M. A. Kamarposhti, and P. Thounthong, “Optimal allocation of STATCOM to enhance transient stability using imperialist competitive algorithm,” Intell. Autom. Soft Comput., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 3425–3446, 2023.
  31. A.-F. Attia, A. Sharaf, and R. El-Sehiemy, “Multi-stage fuzzybased flexible controller for effective voltage stabilization in power systems,” ISA Trans., vol. 120, pp. 190–204, 2022.
  32. R. Kumar and V. Sharma, “Automatic generation controller for multi-area multisource regulated power system using grasshopper optimization algorithm with fuzzy predictive PID controller,” Int. J. Numer. Model., vol. 34, no. 1, p. e2802, 2021.
  33. H. Shayeghi, A. Rahnama, and H. Mojarad, “Designing a multi-objective optimized parallel process controller for frequency stabilization in an islanded microgrid,” J. Oper. Autom. Power Eng., 2025.
  34. H. Shayeghi, A. Rahnama, N. Bizon, and A. Szumny, “Interconnected microgrids load–frequency control using stage-by-stage optimized TIDA+1 error signal regulator,” Eng. Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, p. e13095, 2025.
Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering
Volume 13, Special Issue
Intelligent and Sustainable Power Systems (ISPS): AI-Driven Innovations for Renewable Integration and Smart Grid Resilience
2025
Pages 44-53

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 27 November 2025
  • Revise Date: 27 December 2025
  • Accept Date: 29 December 2025
  • First Publish Date: 29 December 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics