Impact of Variable DG Penetration on Optimal Distance and Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India.

2 United College of Engineering and Research, Prayagraj, India.

3 United Institute of Technology, Prayagraj, India.

Abstract

In contemporary power systems, the hybrid coordination of distance relays (DRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) presents challenges due to fluctuating fault current magnitudes and directions caused by the integration of distributed generators (DGs). These fluctuations depend on the type of DG integration, specifically whether it involves inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) or synchronous-based distributed generators (SBDGs). SBDG integration can alter the short-circuit level, potentially leading to relay protection miscoordination. Traditional relay protection systems are often ineffective or non-functional in adapting to variable DG penetration, resulting in several protection issues. Therefore, achieving optimal relay coordination is essential to ensure effective protection of microgrid networks under varying levels of DG penetration. This study presents a novel approach for the optimal coordination of hybrid DRs and DOCRs in microgrid environments, considering different levels of DG penetration and employing a modified objective function. The optimal relay settings are determined using Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). Unlike traditional optimization techniques, the GWO algorithm does not require algorithm-specific control parameters, which simplifies implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations on the modified IEEE 14-bus test system using MATLAB. The results show improved convergence characteristics, the resolution of local minima issues, minimization of the objective function, and accurate determination of relay operating times, thereby enhancing microgrid protection. 

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References

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Journal of Operation and Automation in Power Engineering

Articles in Press, Corrected Proof
Available Online from 18 July 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 30 January 2025
  • Revise Date: 25 September 2025
  • Accept Date: 21 October 2025
  • First Publish Date: 18 July 2026

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