M. Karimi; M. Eslamian
Abstract
This paper presents a resilience-based approach for critical load restoration in distribution networks using microgrids during extreme events when the main supply is disrupted. Reconfiguration of the distribution network using graph theory is investigated, for which Dijkstra's algorithm is first used ...
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This paper presents a resilience-based approach for critical load restoration in distribution networks using microgrids during extreme events when the main supply is disrupted. Reconfiguration of the distribution network using graph theory is investigated, for which Dijkstra's algorithm is first used to determine the shortest paths between microgrids and critical loads, and then the feasible restoration trees are established by combining the restorable paths. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is then used to find the optimal selection of feasible restoration trees to make a restoration scheme. The service restoration is implemented with the objectives of maximizing the energy delivered to the critical loads and minimizing the number of switching operations. The limited fuel storage of the generation sources in microgrids, the operational constraints of the network and microgrids, as well as the radiality constraint of the restored sub-networks, are considered the constraints of the optimization problem. The presented method can be used for optimal restoration of critical loads including the number of switching operations which is essential for the ease of implementation of a restoration plan. The results of simulations on a 118-bus distribution network demonstrate the efficiency of the procedure.
A. Dejamkhooy; A. Ahmadpour
Abstract
The Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) not only are low cost for industry applications, but also they could work in various conditions with high reliability and efficiency. However, usage of these motors in high speeds applications under discrete mode causes decreasing the efficiency. In ...
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The Switched Reluctance Motors (SRMs) not only are low cost for industry applications, but also they could work in various conditions with high reliability and efficiency. However, usage of these motors in high speeds applications under discrete mode causes decreasing the efficiency. In this paper, a new optimized control method based on the various Torque Sharing Functions (TSFs) and optimization algorithms is proposed for Minimum Torque Ripple Point Tracking (MTRPT) of a 4-phase SRM with 6/8 poles. In this method, turn-on and commutation angles are controlled based on the lookup table. The proposed method could adjust the rapid variations of the current in the starting mode of SRM. To show the robustness of the proposed approach, a real case study is considered, the control method is applied in an Electric Vehicle (EV) mechanism, and its performance is assessed in various motion states such as acceleration, breakage, and steady-state. Also, the position sensor for the studied EV is neglected, which could reduce the extra costs. There are two various scenarios considered for solving the problem. First, the turn-off and turn-on angles are controlled, and the commutation angle is fixed. The results show the robustness of the proposed method with about 90 \% diminishing the torque ripple, compared to when all mentioned angles are fixed. In the second step, based on a lookup table, instead of using complex analytical methods, the turn-on angle is controlled. Therefore, a variable turn-on angle proportional to the applied speed is applied to the commutation control system of SRM. Besides, a lookup table is created to restrain the reduction of the turn-off angle. The simulation results are compared to other previous methods, and the worth of the proposed method is shown.
Energy Management
S.M.H. Kamona; H.A. Abbas; A.A. Ibrahim; N.Q. Mohammed; A.A. Ali; B.A. Mohammed; M.S. Hamza
Abstract
The implementation of electric vehicles for this specific purpose could potentially cause an impact on the load on the network. From one standpoint, it is more advantageous to initiate the charging process of electric vehicle batteries as soon as they are connected to the grid, in order to guarantee ...
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The implementation of electric vehicles for this specific purpose could potentially cause an impact on the load on the network. From one standpoint, it is more advantageous to initiate the charging process of electric vehicle batteries as soon as they are connected to the grid, in order to guarantee sufficient charge levels in the event of unforeseen events. The current investigation showcases an innovative algorithm specifically engineered for the smart grid, wherein the principal aim is to approximate the time needed to fully charge electric vehicles. The algorithm being evaluated prioritizes the decrease in both the unfulfilled energy demand and the daily load profile standard deviation. The algorithm has been purposefully designed to regulate and supervise the charging process in an efficient manner. The algorithm incorporates various elements pertaining to the anticipated conduct of specific electric vehicles, such as their projected arrival and departure times, as well as their initial charge status upon arrival. In situations involving a substantial quantity of automobiles, statistical techniques are applied to decrease the number of variables, thereby diminishing the algorithm's computational time. The optimization technique implemented in this research is inspired by natural phenomena and is founded upon the cuckoo orphan search pattern. The proposed algorithm and the PSO algorithm were implemented in order to simulate the 34-bus IEEE standard radio distribution network. Upon comparing the outcomes derived from the analysis, it was discovered that the implementation of the CS algorithm led to a substantial decrease in peak load by 33% in comparison to the situation in which no optimization was executed. Furthermore, the CS algorithm accomplished a 27% reduction in peak load, which was superior to the PSO algorithm.
Smart Grid
B.A. Usmanovich; T.M.H. Kinanah; A.H.O. Al-Mansor; K. Al-Majdi; S.H. Hlail; D.A. Lafta; A.R.T. Zaboun; J.K. Abbas
Abstract
The optimum location of electric vehicle (EV) parking lots is critical in distribution network design for lowering costs, boosting revenues, and enhancing dependability. However, conventional distribution network schedulers were not designed with these variables in mind. Furthermore, the increased use ...
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The optimum location of electric vehicle (EV) parking lots is critical in distribution network design for lowering costs, boosting revenues, and enhancing dependability. However, conventional distribution network schedulers were not designed with these variables in mind. Furthermore, the increased use of EVs for environmental reasons mandates the planning of EV parking spaces. As a result, distribution network designers must examine network technical difficulties, design approaches, and changing consumer needs. The placement of dispersed manufacturing resources and EV parking without sufficient planning and ideal location leads in economic challenges for investors and technical concerns for the network. As a result, future distribution networks should prioritize the ideal placement of EV parking lots and distributed production resources in order to maximize network capabilities and meet the needs of companies and power applications in the digital society. According to the findings, the rate of EV parking installations is very high. When power consumers remain connected to the grid during peak hours, distribution businesses benefit significantly, and the overall voltage profile improves. Variations in electric vehicle (EV) battery capacity, power cost, EV adoption, and the weighting coefficients required for optimization will all have different outcomes. It is critical to precisely determine the battery capacity of electric vehicles (EVs) as well as the efficiency of inverters in order to produce more accurate results. According to the findings, increasing the number of parking lot for EVs in a network enhances the benefit from minimizing losses, and providing peak load significantly. So that using 2 parking lot for EVs in a network can increase the overall profit to 129%.
Energy Management
G.R Aghajani; I. Heydari
Abstract
Microgrid and smart electrical grids are among the new concepts in power systems that support new technologies within themselves. Electric cars are some advanced technologies that their optimized use can increase grid efficiency. The modern electric cars sometimes, through the necessary infrastructure ...
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Microgrid and smart electrical grids are among the new concepts in power systems that support new technologies within themselves. Electric cars are some advanced technologies that their optimized use can increase grid efficiency. The modern electric cars sometimes, through the necessary infrastructure and proper management, can serve as an energy source to supply grid loads. This study was conducted to investigate the energy management for production and storage resources. For this purpose, we considered the market price of energy, the prices quoted by distributed generation sources, and electric vehicles in the grid and responsive loads. The load response programs used include the time of use and direct load control. The problem has a linear mixed-integer planning structure that was simulated using the GAMS software. The results show that with this planning, the proposed load response programs have a positive impact on cost reduction.
